星空女人频道: 2013-09-01

2013年9月7日星期六

Inflatable antennae could give CubeSats greater reach: Design inflates with powder that turns into gas

Sep. 6, 2013 — The future of satellite technology is getting small -- about the size of a shoebox, to be exact. These so-called "CubeSats," and other small satellites, are making space exploration cheaper and more accessible: The minuscule probes can be launched into orbit at a fraction of the weight and cost of traditional satellites.

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But with such small packages come big limitations -- namely, a satellite's communication range. Large, far-ranging radio dishes are impossible to store in a CubeSat's tight quarters. Instead, the satellites are equipped with smaller, less powerful antennae, restricting them to orbits below those of most geosynchronous satellites.

Now researchers at MIT have come up with a design that may significantly increase the communication range of small satellites, enabling them to travel much farther in the solar system: The team has built and tested an inflatable antenna that can fold into a compact space and inflate when in orbit.

The antenna significantly amplifies a radio signal, allowing a CubeSat to transmit data back to Earth at a higher rate. The distance that can be covered by a satellite outfitted with an inflatable antenna is seven times farther than that of existing CubeSat communications.

"With this antenna you could transmit from the moon, and even farther than that," says Alessandra Babuscia, who led the research as a postdoc at MIT. "This antenna is one of the cheapest and most economical solutions to the problem of communications."

The team, led by Babuscia, is part of Professor Sara Seager's research group and also includes graduate students Benjamin Corbin, Mary Knapp, and Mark Van de Loo from MIT, and Rebecca Jensen-Clem from the California Institute of Technology. The researchers, from MIT's departments of Aeronautics and Astronautics and of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, have detailed their results in the journal Acta Astronautica.

'Magic' powder

An inflatable antenna is not a new idea. In fact, previous experiments in space have successfully tested such designs, though mostly for large satellites: To inflate these bulkier antennae, engineers install a system of pressure valves to fill them with air once in space -- heavy, cumbersome equipment that would not fit within a CubeSat's limited real estate.

Babuscia raises another concern: As small satellites are often launched as secondary payloads aboard rockets containing other scientific missions, a satellite loaded with pressure valves may backfire, with explosive consequences, jeopardizing everything on board. This is all the more reason, she says, to find a new inflation mechanism.

The team landed on a lighter, safer solution, based on sublimating powder, a chemical compound that transforms from a solid powder to a gas when exposed to low pressure.

"It's almost like magic," Babuscia explains. "Once you are in space, the difference in pressure triggers a chemical reaction that makes the powder sublimate from the solid state to the gas state, and that inflates the antenna."

Testing an inflating idea

Babuscia and her colleagues built two prototype antennae, each a meter wide, out of Mylar; one resembled a cone and the other a cylinder when inflated. They determined an optimal folding configuration for each design, and packed each antenna into a 10-cubic-centimeter space within a CubeSat, along with a few grams of benzoic acid, a type of sublimating powder. The team tested each antenna's inflation in a vacuum chamber at MIT, lowering the pressure to just above that experienced in space. In response, the powder converted to a gas, inflating both antennae to the desired shape.

The group also tested each antenna's electromagnetic properties -- an indication of how well an antenna can transmit data. In radiation simulations of both the conical and cylindrical designs, the researchers observed that the cylindrical antenna performed slightly better, transmitting data 10 times faster, and seven times farther, than existing CubeSat antennae.

An antenna made of thin Mylar, while potentially powerful, can be vulnerable to passing detritus in space. Micrometeroids, for example, can puncture a balloon, causing leaks and affecting an antenna's performance. But Babuscia says the use of sublimating powder can circumvent the problems caused by micrometeroid impacts. She explains that a sublimating powder will only create as much gas as needed to fully inflate an antenna, leaving residual powder to sublimate later, to compensate for any later leaks or punctures.

The group tested this theory in a coarse simulation, modeling the inflatable antenna's behavior with different frequency of impacts to assess how much of an antenna's surface may be punctured and how much air may leak out without compromising its performance. The researchers found that with the right sublimating powder, the lifetime of a CubeSat's inflatable antenna may be a few years, even if it is riddled with small holes.

Babuscia says future tests may involve creating tiny holes in a prototype and inflating it in a vacuum chamber to see how much powder would be required to keep the antenna inflated. She is now continuing to refine the antenna design at JPL.

"In the end, what's going to make the success of CubeSat communications will be a lot of different ideas, and the ability of engineers to find the right solution for each mission," Babuscia says. "So inflatable antennae could be for a spacecraft going by itself to an asteroid. For another problem, you'd need another solution. But all this research builds a set of options to allow these spacecraft, made directly by universities, to fly in deep space."

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Embedded Systems AMD embeds Trustonic security in CPUs

2013/09/06

AMD has signed a deal to embed the Trustonic Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), <t-base, into its CPUs and into what it calls ‘accelerated processing units (APUs) – for PCs, tablets and other processor markets

The aim to give owners of future AMD-inside devices hardware-backed secure access to banking, payment, entertainment and content services.

“AMD APUs and CPUs will unlock a range of secure capabilities for end-users, including safe payments to access to content, and bring-your-own-device-to-work support scenarios,” said Trustonic. “This will be accomplished by providing developers with access to hardware root-of-trust-based security to enable services.”

As well as end users, according to Trustonic, its collaboration with AMD is intended to provide development platforms for industry bodies working towards trusted computer platform interoperability – such as GlobalPlatform and Trusted Computing Group. And device vendors will get a way to integrate traditional security solutions such as the TCG Trusted Platform Module (TPM) functionality crypto libraries and isolation.

“Our collaboration with Trustonic supports open industry standards for security and the convergence of ecosystems, whether you are on a tablet or in the cloud,” said AMD v-p Steve Belt. “Industry is moving to hardware-based security and this collaboration means features optimised for third-party solutions.”

AMD will also have access to Trustonic’s partner ecosystem.

“This will enable security features such as user-authentication that runs independently from the operating system, trusted user-interfaces and biometric pattern matching on AMD powered devices,” said Trustonic.

Trustonic is privately held between three shareholders: ARM, Gemalto and Giesecke & Devrient (G&D).

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Distribution Mouser creates power supply design centre for Infineon

2013/09/06

Mouser Electronics has launched a Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) design centre on its website dedicated to the semiconductors and discretes available from Infineon Technologies which are used in design of products for consumer design.

Infineon supplies semiconductor devices used in the design of consumer switch mode power supplies these include high voltage MOSFETs, control IC’s and Silicon Carbide diodes for PFC and PWM stages, as well as low voltage MOSFETs for synchronous rectification.

Information available on the Mouser website includes various topologies offered (PFC CrCM Flyback, PFC Boost CrCM/CCM, Low Power, Medium Power, High Power, and DC-DC Point-Of-Load), schematics, design notes, datasheets, features and applications for various products.

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Scientists use DNA to assemble a transistor from graphene

Sep. 6, 2013 — Graphene is a sheet of carbon atoms arrayed in a honeycomb pattern, just a single atom thick. It could be a better semiconductor than silicon -- if we could fashion it into ribbons 20 to 50 atoms wide. Could DNA help?

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DNA is the blueprint for life. Could it also become the template for making a new generation of computer chips based not on silicon, but on an experimental material known as graphene?

That's the theory behind a process that Stanford chemical engineering professor Zhenan Bao reveals in Nature Communications.

Bao and her co-authors, former post-doctoral fellows Anatoliy Sokolov and Fung Ling Yap, hope to solve a problem clouding the future of electronics: consumers expect silicon chips to continue getting smaller, faster and cheaper, but engineers fear that this virtuous cycle could grind to a halt.

Why has to do with how silicon chips work.

Everything starts with the notion of the semiconductor, a type of material that can be induced to either conduct or stop the flow of electricity. Silicon has long been the most popular semiconductor material used to make chips.

The basic working unit on a chip is the transistor. Transistors are tiny gates that switch electricity on or off, creating the zeroes and ones that run software.

To build more powerful chips, designers have done two things at the same time: they've shrunk transistors in size and also swung those gates open and shut faster and faster.

The net result of these actions has been to concentrate more electricity in a diminishing space. So far that has produced small, faster, cheaper chips. But at a certain point, heat and other forms of interference could disrupt the inner workings of silicon chips.

"We need a material that will let us build smaller transistors that operate faster using less power," Bao said.

Graphene has the physical and electrical properties to become a next-generation semiconductor material -- if researchers can figure out how to mass-produce it.

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb pattern. Visually it resembles chicken wire. Electrically this lattice of carbon atoms is an extremely efficient conductor.

Bao and other researchers believe that ribbons of graphene, laid side-by-side, could create semiconductor circuits. Given the material's tiny dimensions and favorable electrical properties, graphene nano ribbons could create very fast chips that run on very low power, she said.

"However, as one might imagine, making something that is only one atom thick and 20 to 50 atoms wide is a significant challenge," said co-author Sokolov.

To handle this challenge, the Stanford team came up with the idea of using DNA as an assembly mechanism.

Physically, DNA strands are long and thin, and exist in roughly the same dimensions as the graphene ribbons that researchers wanted to assemble.

Chemically, DNA molecules contain carbon atoms, the material that forms graphene.

The real trick is how Bao and her team put DNA's physical and chemical properties to work.

The researchers started with a tiny platter of silicon to provide a support (substrate) for their experimental transistor. They dipped the silicon platter into a solution of DNA derived from bacteria and used a known technique to comb the DNA strands into relatively straight lines.

Next, the DNA on the platter was exposed to a copper salt solution. The chemical properties of the solution allowed the copper ions to be absorbed into the DNA.

Next the platter was heated and bathed in methane gas, which contains carbon atoms. Once again chemical forces came into play to aid in the assembly process. The heat sparked a chemical reaction that freed some of the carbon atoms in the DNA and methane. These free carbon atoms quickly joined together to form stable honeycombs of graphene.

"The loose carbon atoms stayed close to where they broke free from the DNA strands, and so they formed ribbons that followed the structure of the DNA," Yap said.

So part one of the invention involved using DNA to assemble ribbons of carbon. But the researchers also wanted to show that these carbon ribbons could perform electronic tasks. So they made transistors on the ribbons.

"We demonstrated for the first time that you can use DNA to grow narrow ribbons and then make working transistors," Sokolov said.

The paper drew praise from UC Berkeley associate professor Ali Javey, an expert in the use of advanced materials and next-generation electronics.

"This technique is very unique and takes advantage of the use of DNA as an effective template for controlled growth of electronic materials," Javey said. "In this regard the project addresses an important research need for the field."

Bao said the assembly process needs a lot of refinement. For instance, not all of the carbon atoms formed honeycombed ribbons a single atom thick. In some places they bunched up in irregular patterns, leading the researchers to label the material graphitic instead of graphene.

Even so, the process, about two years in the making, points toward a strategy for turning this carbon-based material from a curiosity into a serious contender to succeed silicon.

"Our DNA-based fabrication method is highly scalable, offers high resolution and low manufacturing cost," said co-author Yap. "All these advantages make the method very attractive for industrial adoption."

The experiment was supported in part by the National Science Foundation and the Stanford Global Climate and Energy Program.

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New connection between stacked solar cells can handle energy of 70,000 suns

Sep. 6, 2013 — North Carolina State University researchers have come up with a new technique for improving the connections between stacked solar cells, which should improve the overall efficiency of solar energy devices and reduce the cost of solar energy production. The new connections can allow these cells to operate at solar concentrations of 70,000 suns' worth of energy without losing much voltage as "wasted energy" or heat.

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Stacked solar cells consist of several solar cells that are stacked on top of one another. Stacked cells are currently the most efficient cells on the market, converting up to 45 percent of the solar energy they absorb into electricity.

But to be effective, solar cell designers need to ensure the connecting junctions between these stacked cells do not absorb any of the solar energy and do not siphon off the voltage the cells produce -- effectively wasting that energy as heat.

"We have discovered that by inserting a very thin film of gallium arsenide into the connecting junction of stacked cells we can virtually eliminate voltage loss without blocking any of the solar energy," says Dr. Salah Bedair, a professor of electrical engineering at NC State and senior author of a paper describing the work.

This work is important because photovoltaic energy companies are interested in using lenses to concentrate solar energy, from one sun (no lens) to 4,000 suns or more. But if the solar energy is significantly intensified -- to 700 suns or more -- the connecting junctions used in existing stacked cells begin losing voltage. And the more intense the solar energy, the more voltage those junctions lose -- thereby reducing the conversion efficiency.

"Now we have created a connecting junction that loses almost no voltage, even when the stacked solar cell is exposed to 70,000 suns of solar energy," Bedair says. "And that is more than sufficient for practical purposes, since concentrating lenses are unlikely to create more than 4,000 or 5,000 suns worth of energy. This discovery means that solar cell manufacturers can now create stacked cells that can handle these high-intensity solar energies without losing voltage at the connecting junctions, thus potentially improving conversion efficiency.

"This should reduce overall costs for the energy industry because, rather than creating large, expensive solar cells, you can use much smaller cells that produce just as much electricity by absorbing intensified solar energy from concentrating lenses. And concentrating lenses are relatively inexpensive," Bedair says.

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Rare fossil ape cranium discovered in China

Jablonski noted that juvenile crania of apes and hominins are extremely rare in the fossil record, especially those of infants and young juveniles. This cranium is only the second relatively complete cranium of a young juvenile in the entire Miocene -- 23-25 million years ago -- record of fossil apes throughout the Old World, and both were discovered from the late Miocene of Yunnan Province.

The cranium is also noteworthy for its age. Shuitangba, the site from which it was recovered, at just over 6 million years old, dates to near the end of the Miocene, a time when apes had become extinct in most of Eurasia. Shuitangba has also produced remains of the fossil monkey, Mesopithecus, which represents the earliest occurrence of monkeys in East Asia.

Jablonski was co-author of a recent paper online in the Chinese Science Bulletin that described the discovery.

"The preservation of the new cranium is excellent, with only minimal post-depositional distortion," Jablonski said. "This is important because all previously discovered adult crania of the species to which it is assigned, Lufengpithecus lufengensis, were badly crushed and distorted during the fossilization process. In living ape species, cranial anatomy in individuals at the same stage of development as the new fossil cranium already show a close resemblance to those of adults."

Therefore, the new cranium, despite being from a juvenile, gives researchers the best look at the cranial anatomy of Lufengpithecus lufengensis.

"Partly because of where and when Lufengpithecus lived, it is considered by most to be in the lineage of the extant orangutan, now confined to Southeast Asia but known from the late Pleistocene of southern China as well," Jablonski said.

However, the researchers noted the cranium shows little resemblance to those of living orangutans, and in particular, shows none of what are considered to be key diagnostic features of orangutan crania. Lufengpithecus therefore appears to represent a late surviving lineage of Eurasian apes, but with no certain affinities yet clear.

The survival of this lineage is not entirely surprising since southern China was less affected by climatic deterioration during the later Miocene that resulted in the extinction of many ape species throughout the rest of Eurasia. The researchers are hopeful that further excavations will produce the remains of adult individuals, which will allow them to better assess the relationships among members of this lineage as well as the relationships of this lineage to other fossil and extant apes.

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Communications LTE-A carrier aggregation creates the 225Mbit/s smartphone download

2013/09/06

Smartphones in South Korea could be able to download data at 225Mbit/s next year, if the plans of operator SK Telecom to implement a multi-channel technology known as carrier aggregation (LTE-Advanced) are successful.

Using 4G mobile technology known as LTE-Advanced with carrier aggregation SK Telecom plans to combine its bandwidths in the 1.8GHz (20MHz bandwidth) and 800MHz (10MHz) spectrums to offer up to 225Mbit/s data download speed by next year.

SK Telecom is already offering an LTE-Advanced service by aggregating 800MHz band (10 downlink + 10 uplink) and 1.8GHz band (10 downlink + 10 uplink) in central areas of 84 cities in South Korea.

The company said it plans to build 32,000 LTE-Advanced basestations by the end of this year to cover more areas of the 84 cities as well as 300 universities across the country.

For existing LTE services the company has gained access to the 35MHz bandwidth (20 downlink + 15 uplink) in the 1.8GHz band. With wider LTE bandwidth, the company will be able to offer 20MHz downlink LTE service that supports up to 150Mbit/s speed.

All LTE-Advanced devices will operate on the wider LTE bandwidth, while users of 20 existing LTE devices including Vega Racer 2, Galaxy S3 and iPhone 5 will get 100Mbit/s over the LTE network.

“Together with SK Telecom’s LTE-Advanced network that already covers central areas of 84 cities nationwide, our 20 MHz downlink LTE service will allow more customers to experience and benefit from the ultra fast mobile data environment,” said Park In-sik, President and Head of Network Operations Business of SK Telecom.

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Mother chimps crucial for offspring's social skills

Sep. 6, 2013 — Orphaned chimpanzees are less socially competent than chimpanzees who were reared by their mother. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, The Netherlands, observed that orphaned chimpanzees frequently engaged in social play, but their play bouts were much shorter and resulted in aggression more often. Apparently, chimpanzee mothers endow their offspring with important social skills.

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It may not come as a surprise, but mother chimpanzees seem to be important for the development of social skills in young chimpanzees. "Orphaned chimpanzees had more difficulties to successfully coordinate their social play interactions," says Edwin van Leeuwen from the Comparative Cognitive Anthropology Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. "Since social play comprises a complex context in which signals about intentions need to be communicated, it seems that orphaned chimpanzees have missed out on valuable lessons from their mothers."

Van Leeuwen and his co-authors Innocent Mulenga and Diana Lisensky compared the play behaviour of 8 orphaned and 9 mother-reared juvenile chimpanzees at the Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage Trust in Zambia. In this institution the orphan chimpanzees are initially cared for by humans. As soon as they are strong enough -- usually with one or two years of age -- they grow up in an orphan chimp group. "The chimps in the study were between four and nine years old, so they have kind of been raising each other," explains van Leeuwen. The orphaned and mother-reared chimpanzees matched in age and sex.

Based on previous research, the scientists expected the orphaned juveniles to play less frequently and smoothly than the mother-reared chimpanzees: After all, the orphans had missed their most important caretaker throughout a sensitive socialisation period, and continued to lack a safe and facilitating social environment provided by their mothers.

Contrary to their expectations, the orphaned chimpanzees engaged in social play more frequently than the mother-reared juveniles, although for shorter amounts of time. But social play of the orphaned juveniles resulted more often in aggression than social play of the young chimps that were reared by their mother. "Although the orphaned chimps were motivated to play," Van Leeuwen says, "it seems that they were less able to coordinate their play bouts and prevent them from resulting in aggression."

Just like in humans, chimpanzee mothers seem to be important for the development of adequate social skills in their offspring, the researchers conclude. Van Leeuwen: "Mothers seem to prepare their offspring for challenges that are very important for successful group-living. For orphans, however, the presence of other adult role models may alternatively be beneficial for boosting social competence, which is an important consideration to entertain for sanctuaries dealing with integrations of chimpanzees."

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Shining a little light changes metal into semiconductor

This image shows how electrons in the gold nanorods get excited when exposed to light, then are absorbed into a thin film of zinc oxide, changing the properties of the composite from a metal into a semiconductor. Credit: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

With funding from the Washington University International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability (I-CARES), Parag Banerjee, PhD, and Srikanth Singamaneni, PhD, and both assistant professors of materials science, brought together their respective areas of research.

Singamaneni's area of expertise is in making tiny, pebble-like nanoparticles, particularly gold nanorods. Banerjee's area of expertise is making thin films. They wanted to see how the properties of both materials would change when combined.

The research was published online in August in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.

The research team took the gold nanorods and put a very thin blanket of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen, on top to create a composite. When they turned on light, they noticed that the composite had changed from one with metallic properties into a semiconductor, a material that partly conducts current. Semiconductors are commonly made of silicon and are used in computers and nearly all electronic devices.

"We call it metal-to-semiconductor switching," Banerjee says. "This is a very exciting result because it can lead to opportunities in different kinds of sensors and devices."

Banjeree says when the metallic gold nanorods are exposed to light, the electrons inside the gold get excited and enter the zinc oxide film, which is a semiconductor. When the zinc oxide gets these new electrons, it starts to conduct electricity.

"We found out that the thinner the film, the better the response," he says. "The thicker the film, the response goes away. How thin? About 10 nanometers, or a 10 billionth of a meter."

Other researchers working with solar cells or photovoltaic devices have noticed an improvement in performance when these two materials are combined, however, until now, none have broken it down to discover how it happens, Banerjee says.

"If we start understanding the mechanism for charge conduction, we can start thinking about applications," he says. "We think there are opportunities to make very sensitive sensors, such as an electronic eye. We are now looking to see if there is a different response when we shine a red, blue or green light on this material."

Banerjee also says this same technology can be used in solar cells.

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EDA and IP MathWorks adds to MATLAB and Simulink design tools

2013/09/06

matlab MathWorks has announced Release 2013b of its MATLAB and Simulink design and analysis tools.

R2013b delivers new analysis, design, code generation and implementation and other features in MATLAB and Simulink, two new Polyspace products, as well as updates to 79 other products.

There are two new Polyspace analysis tools for proving the absence of run-time errors in software and for identifying software defects via static analysis.

For MATLAB this includes data types for mixed-type tabular data, and ordered and unordered categorical data.

The MATLAB has a revamped MATLAB Compiler app and an automatic download feature at install time of version-compatible MATLAB Compiler Runtime.

A statistics toolbox contains linear mixed-effects regression models, and the database toolbox offers fast access to ODBC connections via a native ODBC driver.

Instrument control toolbox offers communication with integrated circuits using SPI protocol.

Financial Toolbox: Mean-Absolute Deviation (MAD) portfolio optimisation.

Trading Toolbox: Support for CQG Integrated Client API and Interactive Brokers TWS API.

Image Processing Toolbox: GPU acceleration, working with PCT, for 22 additional functions, including bwmorph, edge, imresize, and medfilt2.

Mapping Toolbox: Web map display with dynamic base maps from OpenStreetMap and other sources.

For Simulink, enhancements to the editor include transparent subsystem preview, line crossings and “comment through” blocks.

There is a new systems block for incorporating MATLAB System objects in Simulink models>

Arduino enhancements including support for Mac OS X, Arduino Ethernet Shield and Arduino Nano hardware.

For Simulink models there is native modeling of single-precision designs, block libraries for modeling thermal liquid systems and block libraries based on Third Generation technology, fully utilizing Simscape capabilities.

Simulink Verification and Validation provide linking and traceability for MATLAB code.

Other features include system toolboxes for design in MATLAB and Simulink, phased array system toolbox: C/C++ code generation support with MATLAB Coder.

Coding enhancements include integrated C and HDL code generation and workflow support for Xilinx Zynq and Zedboard. The Simulink Coder creates multi-level password protected Simulink models.

There is also support for user authored MATLAB system objects and incremental code generation for Model Reference blocks and support for 64-bit integers, software-in-the-loop (SIL) verification with Embedded Coder, and probability distributions in Statistics Toolbox.

R2013b is available immediately.

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2013年9月6日星期五

Business, General BT and Verizon discuss the software telco at ECOC

2013/09/06

logo Executives from major operators like BT and Verizon will be speaking at the Market Focus Theatre at the ECOC Exhibition in London later this month (23-25 September).

The hot topic seems to be software-defined networking (SDN) in telecoms networks and Chris Bilton, BT’s director of research and technology, will consider whether the software telco is just a pipe dream.

To what extent can operators use SDN and network functions virtualisation (NFV) to orchestrate operations across multiple types of network protocols, applications and equipment in their networks? Glen Wellbrock, the director in charge of Verizon’s optical network architecture, will provide a second operator perspective on when and where SDN can be applied to optical transport.

Sponsored by Oclaro, the Market Focus Forum will include 29 sessions over three days covering five main topic areas – mass market broadband, high-speed optical transmssion, data centre networks, optical network agility and optical/photonic integration

In the area of high-speed networking, 100G is being deployed commercially, operators are looking seriously at what comes next to ensure that they can continue to scale their networks.

Will it be 200G, 400G, 1Tbps, or even e) all of the above? Standards organisations the Ethernet Alliance and the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) will discuss industry trends, along with systems vendors Tellabs and Fujitsu Network Communications, and components and module vendors such as ClariPhy and Acacia Communications.

The full Market Focus schedule

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