星空女人频道: 2013-07-14

2013年7月18日星期四

Uncovering a healthier remedy for chronic pain

July 17, 2013 — Physicians and patients who are wary of addiction to pain medication and opioids may soon have a healthier and more natural alternative.

A Duke University study revealed that a derivative of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), a main ingredient of over-the-counter fish oil supplements, can sooth and prevent neuropathic pain caused by injuries to the sensory system. The results appear online in the Annals of Neurology.

The research focused on a compound called neuroprotectin D1=protectin D1 (NPD1=PD1), a bioactive lipid produced by cells in response to external stimuli. NPD1=PD1 is present in human white blood cells, and was first identified based on its ability to resolve abdominal and brain inflammation.

"These compounds are derived from omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil, but are 1,000 times more potent than their precursors in reducing inflammation," said Ru-Rong Ji, professor of anesthesiology and neurobiology at Duke University Medical Center and principal investigator of the study.

The team used laboratory mouse models of nerve injuries to simulate pain symptoms commonly associated with post-surgical nerve trauma. They treated these animals with chemically-synthesized NPD1=PD1, either through local administration or injection, to investigate whether the lipid compound could relieve these symptoms.

Their findings revealed that NPD1=PD1 not only alleviated the pain, but also reduced nerve swelling following the injuries. Its analgesic effect stems from the compound's ability to inhibit the production of cytokines and chemokines, which are small signaling molecules that attract inflammatory macrophages to the nerve cells. By preventing cytokine and chemokine production, the compound protected nerve cells from further damage. NPD1=PD1 also reduced neuron firing so the injured animals felt less pain.

Ji believes that the new discovery has clinical potential. "Chronic pain resulting from major medical procedures such as amputation, chest and breast surgery is a serious problem," he said. Current treatment options for neuropathic pain include gabapentin and various opioids, which may lead to addiction and destruction of the sensory nerves.

On the other hand, NPD1=PD1 can relieve neuropathic pain at very low doses and, more importantly, mice receiving the treatment did not show signs of physical dependence or enhanced tolerance toward the lipid compound.

"We hope to test this compound in clinical trials," Ji said. The initial stages of the trial could involve DHA administration through diet and injection. "DHA is very inexpensive, and can be converted to NPD1 by an aspirin-triggered pathway," he said. The ultimate goal is to develop a safer approach to managing chronic pain.

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2013年7月17日星期三

Manufacturing Fairchild opens power fab

Bucking the trend to go fabless for all but the very largest chip companies, Fairchild has opened a fab.

Sited in Bucheon Korea, it is a 200mm fab for mains voltage components.

“This new fab symbolises the company’s focus on power semiconductor solutions,” said the company. “It increases the flexibility and cost competitiveness of Fairchild’s supply chain to the Asian mobile handset market, as well as to leverage the region’s leadership in energy efficient electronics such as LED backlighting, LCD TVs and consumer appliances.”

Products are expected to include high-voltage discrete products aimed at power supplies, displays, motor controls, industrial power, and lighting.

The company bought the Bucheon site in 1999 and has invested nearly $800m in Korean facilities.

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2013年7月16日星期二

Business Micron sampling 128Gb 16nm flash

Micron is sampling 128Gb 16nm NAND flash.

Micron claims the process delivers the greatest number of bits per sq mm and the lowest cost of any MLC device.

The chips are targeted at consumer SSDs, removable storage (USB drives and Flash cards), tablets, ultrathin devices, mobile handsets and data center cloud storage.

“Our customers continually ask for higher capacities in smaller form factors,”says Micron’s Glen Hawk.

Micron is sampling the 16nm, 128Gb MLC NAND with select partners now and plans to be in full production in 4Q13.

Micron is also developing SSDs based on these devices and expects to ship SSDs with 16nm Flash in 2014.

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Communications USB to RS-232 chipset

24jul13FTDI 409 FTDI has introduced a chipset for USB to RS-232 interfacing.

Called USB-DUO, it combines the company’s FT231XS USB-to-UART chip with its FT3243S RS-232 transceiver.

The transceiver runs from a single 3-5.5V rail, using internal regulated charge pumps to feed the drivers, and has a built-in transient voltage suppressor (complying with EN6100-4-2′s +/-15kV for air gap discharge). “This means that additional electro-static discharge protection circuitry is not called for,” said FTDI.

Speeds up to 250kbit/s are available, and the FT231XS’s internal EEPROM allows device descriptors to be set to an OEM’s preference.

An internal phased-locked-loop (PLL) provides system timing.

Current consumption is 9mA active, and 135µA when the FT231XS is in suspend mode.

Its -40 to 85°C operation range makes it suitable for industrial use.

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New form of carbon: Grossly warped 'nanographene'

The new material consists of multiple identical pieces of grossly warped graphene, each containing exactly 80 carbon atoms joined together in a network of 26 rings, with 30 hydrogen atoms decorating the rim. Because they measure slightly more than a nanometer across, these individual molecules are referred to generically as "nanocarbons," or more specifically in this case as "grossly warped nanographenes."

Until recently, scientists had identified only two forms of pure carbon: diamond and graphite. Then in 1985, chemists were stunned by the discovery that carbon atoms could also join together to form hollow balls, known as fullerenes. Since then, scientists have also learned how to make long, ultra-thin, hollow tubes of carbon atoms, known as carbon nanotubes, and large flat single sheets of carbon atoms, known as graphene. The discovery of fullerenes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996, and the preparation of graphene was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010.

Graphene sheets prefer planar, 2-dimensional geometries as a consequence of the hexagonal, chicken wire-like, arrangements of trigonal carbon atoms comprising their two-dimensional networks. The new form of carbon just reported in Nature Chemistry, however, is wildly distorted from planarity as a consequence of the presence of five 7-membered rings and one 5-membered ring embedded in the hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms.

Odd-membered-ring defects such as these not only distort the sheets of atoms away from planarity, they also alter the physical, optical, and electronic properties of the material, according to one of the principle authors, Lawrence T. Scott, the Jim and Louise Vanderslice and Family Professor of Chemistry at Boston College.

"Our new grossly warped nanographene is dramatically more soluble than a planar nanographene of comparable size," said Scott, "and the two differ significantly in color, as well. Electrochemical measurements revealed that the planar and the warped nanographenes are equally easily oxidized, but the warped nanographene is more difficult to reduce."

Graphene has been highly touted as a revolutionary material for nanoscale electronics. By introducing multiple odd-membered ring defects into the graphene lattice, Scott and his collaborators have experimentally demonstrated that the electronic properties of graphene can be modified in a predictable manner through precisely controlled chemical synthesis.

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2013年7月15日星期一

Business Attendance at electronics summer school jumps

Untitled UK Electronics Skills Foundation has held a Summer School which it runs each year to encourage A-level students to consider careers in electronic engineering.

There has been a 44% decline in numbers of students starting electronic engineering degrees since 2002.

The summer school held at Imperial College, London gave A-level and Scottish Higher students the opportunity to take part in lectures and lab sessions to inspire them to be part of the industry.

Topics this year included biology inspired machines, mobile robots and a design challenge using the Raspberry Pi.

At the recent launch of the ESCO report, an industry growth strategy created for government, the skills pipeline and the need to reach out to young talent was repeatedly cited by ministers and industry leaders as essential for safeguarding the £78bn per year, 856,000 person UK electronic systems industry.

According to the UKESF, there is industry concerns on the lack of visibility of electronics careers among young people, which has led to the decline in degree uptake. 60 students from schools across the UK attended, this was 50% more than last year’s event.

“This initiative helps school students make informed decisions about university courses and gives them a taste of what’s involved in doing an electronics degree and the range of stimulating careers on offer to graduates. This industry underpins almost every sector so it’s vital to ensure the word gets spread amongst young people” said Wendy Daniell, UKESF programme manager.

The UKESF has the financial backing from some of the UK’s leading firms that create or rely on electronic systems, with Jaguar Land Rover and Broadcom Foundation this year joining dedicated Summer School sponsors ARM, CSR, Dialog Semiconductor and Imagination Technologies.

Tim Ramsdale, VP for engineering at Broadcom, stated: “Engineering has a need to improve its reputation and sessions like the Raspberry Pi challenge are helping to show that engineering can be creative and intellectually rewarding.

Professor Peter Cheung, Imperial College’s head of electrical and electronic engineering said: “As a result of the UKESF partnership, we’ve strengthened our ties with industry and been able to work collaboratively with other prestigious universities to attract more of the best young talent into this industry.”

www.ukesf.org

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Boldly illuminating biology's 'dark matter'

In an international collaboration led by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI), the most recent findings from exploring microbial dark matter were published online July 14, 2013 in the journal Nature.

"Instead of wondering through the starkness of space, this achievement is more like the 21st Century equivalent of Lewis and Clark's expedition to open the American West," said Eddy Rubin, DOE JGI Director. "This is a powerful example of how the DOE JGI pioneers discovery, in that we can take a high throughput approach to isolating and characterizing single genomes from complex environmental samples of millions of cells, to provide a profound leap of understanding the microbial evolution on our planet. This is really the next great frontier."

This microbial dark matter campaign targeted uncultivated microbial cells from nine diverse habitats: Sakinaw Lake in British Columbia; the Etoliko Lagoon of western Greece; a sludge reactor in Mexico; the Gulf of Maine; off the north coast of Oahu, Hawaii, the Tropical Gyre in the south Atlantic; the East Pacific Rise; the Homestake Mine in South Dakota; and the Great Boiling Spring in Nevada. From these samples, the team laser-sorted 9,000 cells, from which they were able to reassemble and identify 201 distinct genomes, which then could be aligned to 28 major previously uncharted branches of the tree of life.

"Microbes are the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth," said Tanja Woyke, DOE JGI Microbial Program Head and senior author on the Nature publication. "They occupy every conceivable environmental niche from the extreme depths of the oceans to the driest of deserts. However, our knowledge about their habits and potential benefits has been hindered by the fact that the vast majority of these have not yet been cultivated in the laboratory. So we have only recently become aware of their roles in various ecosystems through cultivation-independent methods, such as metagenomics and single-cell genomics. What we are now discovering are unexpected metabolic features that extend our understanding of biology and challenge established boundaries between the domains of life."

To get around the difficulty of growing most microbes in the lab, recent efforts have focused on conducting surveys based on sequencing marker or 16S ribosomal RNA genes that are conserved across microbial lineages because of their essential role as "housekeeping" genes -- critical for the organism's survival. Genome sequencing of the rest of the genomes of most of these lineages is however proceeding much more slowly. "Microbial genome representation in the databases is quite skewed," said Chris Rinke, DOE JGI postdoctoral fellow and first author of the study. "More than three-quarters of all sequenced genomes fall into three taxonomic groups or phyla but there are over 60 phyla we know of." For the majority of them, however, there are no cultivated members available.

"Based on 16S surveys we know they're out there, but we don't know much about them -- that's why we call them microbial dark matter," Woyke added. "Using modern single-cell techniques allowed us to access the genetic make-up for some of them, even without growing them in the lab."

In this effort to "seek out new life," the team's findings fell into three main areas. The first was the discovery of unexpected metabolic features. They observed certain traits in Archaea that previously only were seen in Bacteria and vice-versa. One such trait involves an enzyme that bacteria commonly use for creating space within their protective cell wall, which is needed so the cell can, for example, expand during cell division. As it rather generically cleaves the protective bacterial cell envelope, it needs to be very tightly regulated. For the first time, a group of Archaea was found to encode this potent enzyme and the authors hypothesize that Archaea may deploy it as a defense mechanism against attacking Bacteria.

The second contribution arising from the work was the correct reassignment, or binning, of data of some 340 million DNA fragments from other habitats to the proper lineage. This course correction provides insights into how organisms function in the context of a particular ecosystem as well as a much improved and more accurate understanding of the associations of newly discovered genes with resident life forms.

The third finding was the resolution of relationships within and between microbial phyla -- the taxonomic ranking between domain and class -- which led the team to propose two new superphyla, which are highly stable associations between phyla. The 201 genomes provided solid reference points, anchors for phylogeny -- the lineage history of organisms as they change over time. "Our single-cell genomes gave us a glimpse into the evolutionary relationships between uncultivated organisms -- insights that extend beyond the single locus resolution of the 16S rRNA tree and are essential for studying bacterial and archaeal diversity and evolution," Woyke said. "It's a bit like looking at a family tree to figure out who your sisters and brothers are. Here we did this for groups of organisms for which we solely have fragments of genetic information. We interpreted millions of these bits of genetic information like distant stars in the night sky, trying to align them into recognizable constellations. At first, we didn't know what they should look like, but we could estimate their relationship to each other, not spatially, but over evolutionary time." Woyke and her colleagues are pursuing a more accurate characterization of these relationships so that they can better predict metabolic properties and other useful traits that can be expressed by different groups of microbes.

Phil Hugenholtz, Director of the Australian Centre for Ecogenomics at The University of Queensland, a former DOE JGI researcher, and another one of the paper's authors reinforced the motivation for taking on this expedition of sorts. "For almost 20 years now we have been astonished by how little there is known about massive regions of the tree of life. This project is the first systematic effort to address this enormous knowledge gap. One of the most significant contributions is that based on these data, we provided names for many of these lineages which, like most star systems, were just numbered previously. For me, taxonomic assignment is important as it welcomes in strangers and makes them part of the family. Yet this is just a start. We are talking about probably millions of microbial species that remain to be described," Hugenholtz said.

Cosmologists have only mapped half of one percent of the observable universe and the path ahead in environmental genomics is similarly daunting. "There is still a staggering amount of diversity to explore," Woyke said. "To try to capture 50 percent of just the currently known phylogenetic diversity, we would have to sequence 20,000 more genomes, and these would have to be selected based on being members of underrepresented branches on the tree. And, to be sure, these are only what are known to exist."

The Nature publication "Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter" builds upon a DOE JGI pilot project, the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea (GEBA: http://www.jgi.doe.gov/programs/GEBA/) and closely articulates with other international efforts such as the Microbial Earth Project which aims to generate a comprehensive genome catalog of all archaeal and bacterial type strains (http://www.microbial-earth.org), and the Earth Microbiome Project (http://www.earthmicrobiome.org). More information about GEBA-MDM is available at: http://bit.ly/GEBA-MDM

Joining the DOE JGI in authorship on the MDM paper are researchers from Bielefeld University, Germany, the University of California, Davis, the University of Technology Sydney, the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, the University of Western Greece, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the Australian Centre for Ecogenomics of the University of Queensland, Australia.

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Research Science: Quipper brings high-level programming to quantum computing

Quipper language sample Quantum software has finally left the dark ages with the creation of the first practical, high-level programming language for quantum computers. Although today’s devices are not ready for most practical applications, the language, called Quipper, could guide the design of these futuristic machines, as well as making them easier to program when they do arrive.

“It does all the nice features of a modern classical programming language, adapted to quantum computing,” says Bob Coecke of the University of Oxford, who was not involved in the work. “It’s a tour de force.”

An important feature of a quantum computer is that its bits – known as qubits – can take the values 0 and 1 at the same time. This allows the computer to perform two or more computations simultaneously. But designing computer algorithms that make use of this quantum parallelism is tough.

So quantum programming has so far been mostly low-level, concerned with instructing the quantum logic gates that control the qubits.

Now Peter Selinger of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, and colleagues have brought the field up to speed by creating Quipper, the first high-level quantum programming language. Quipper is designed to express instructions in terms of bigger concepts, and to make it easy to bring together multiple algorithms in a modular way. High-level languages for classical computers such as Java do most of the heavy lifting in modern computation.

Quipper is based on a classical programming language called Haskell, which is particularly suited to programming for physics applications. What Selinger’s team has done is to customise it to deal with qubits.

They have also produced a library of Quipper code to carry out seven existing quantum algorithms, including an algorithm for estimating the ground-state energy of molecules. They hope that others will add to the library by writing more algorithms, creating a resource that will allow quantum programmers to build software by sticking modules together, as classical programmers do with Java.

“Having a well-designed programming language helps structure your thinking and informs the way you think about a problem,” says Selinger. “It may become a useful tool in the design of new quantum algorithms.”

Thorsten Altenkirch of the University of Nottingham, UK, who was not involved in the work, agrees. “People can use languages like Quipper as a test bed for ideas and understanding for how to write quantum software,” he says.

Selinger’s team released their outline of the language, together with their preliminary library, at the Programming Language Design and Implementation conference in Seattle, Washington, last month.

It may seem strange to create a language for a quantum computer, given that the hardware is still rudimentary. But developing the software – which is tested by simulating a quantum computer on a classical one – could influence the design of future quantum computers.

Quipper’s creation was funded by IARPA, the US Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency, in order to pin down how many bits a quantum computer would need in order to outperform a classical one on certain tasks. Writing programs in Quipper makes the hardware requirements of an algorithm clearer and that has already led to some surprises. “It will take a lot more resources than people had thought,” says Selinger, who can’t talk about specific results.

He expects that with advances in engineering, such as reducing noise, the number of qubits necessary for a practical quantum computer will decrease over time.

The team made their estimates based on various existing forms of quantum hardware, including devices that use ion traps and photons.However, they did not include the only quantum computer in the market today, the D-wave computer. It uses a novel approach called adiabatic quantum computing and so is not currently compatible with Quipper.

References: arxiv.org/abs/1304.5485 and arxiv.org/abs/1304.3390

Syndicated content: Sophie Hebden, New Scientist

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Scientists solve a 14,000-year-old ocean mystery

July 14, 2013 — At the end of the last Ice Age, as the world began to warm, a swath of the North Pacific Ocean came to life. During a brief pulse of biological productivity 14,000 years ago, this stretch of the sea teemed with phytoplankton, amoeba-like foraminifera and other tiny creatures, who thrived in large numbers until the productivity ended -- as mysteriously as it began -- just a few hundred years later.

Researchers have hypothesized that iron sparked this surge of ocean life, but a new study led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) scientists and colleagues at the University of Bristol (UK), the University of Bergen (Norway), Williams College and the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University suggests iron may not have played an important role after all, at least in some settings. The study, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, determines that a different mechanism -- a transient "perfect storm" of nutrients and light -- spurred life in the post-Ice Age Pacific. Its findings resolve conflicting ideas about the relationship between iron and biological productivity during this time period in the North Pacific -- with potential implications for geo-engineering efforts to curb climate change by seeding the ocean with iron.

"A lot of people have put a lot of faith into iron -- and, in fact, as a modern ocean chemist, I've built my career on the importance of iron -- but it may not always have been as important as we think," says WHOI Associate Scientist Phoebe Lam, a co-author of the study.

Because iron is known to cause blooms of biological activity in today's North Pacific Ocean, researchers have assumed it played a key role in the past as well. They have hypothesized that as Ice Age glaciers began to melt and sea levels rose, they submerged the surrounding continental shelf, washing iron into the rising sea and setting off a burst of life.

Past studies using sediment cores -- long cylinders drilled into the ocean floor that offer scientists a look back through time at what has accumulated there -- have repeatedly found evidence of this burst, in the form of a layer of increased opal and calcium carbonate, the materials that made up phytoplankton and foraminifera shells. But no one had searched the fossil record specifically for signs that iron from the continental shelf played a part in the bloom.

Lam and an international team of colleagues revisited the sediment core data to directly test this hypothesis. They sampled GGC-37, a core taken from a site near Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula, about every 5 centimeters, moving back through time to before the biological bloom began. Then they analyzed the chemical composition of their samples, measuring the relative abundance of the isotopes of the elements neodymium and strontium in the sample, which indicates which variant of iron was present. The isotope abundance ratios were a particularly important clue, because they could reveal where the iron came from -- one variant pointed to iron from the ancient Loess Plateau of northern China, a frequent source of iron-rich dust in the northwest Pacific, while another suggested the younger, more volcanic continental shelf was the iron source.

What the researchers found surprised them.

"We saw the flux of iron was really high during glacial times, and that it dropped during deglaciation," Lam says. "We didn't see any evidence of a pulse of iron right before this productivity peak."

The iron the researchers did find during glacial times appeared to be supplemented by a third source, possibly in the Bering Sea area, but it didn't have a significant effect on the productivity peak. Instead, the data suggest that iron levels were declining when the peak began.

Based on the sediment record, the researchers propose a different cause for the peak: a chain of events that created ideal conditions for sea life to briefly flourish. The changing climate triggered deep mixing in the North Pacific ocean, which stirred nutrients that the tiny plankton depend on up into the sea's surface layers, but in doing so also mixed the plankton into deep, dark waters, where light for photosynthesis was too scarce for them to thrive. Then a pulse of freshwater from melting glaciers -- evidenced by a change in the amount of a certain oxygen isotope in the foraminifera shells found in the core -- stopped the mixing, trapping the phytoplankton and other small creatures in a thin, bright, nutrient-rich top layer of ocean. With greater exposure to light and nutrients, and iron levels that were still relatively high, the creatures flourished.

"We think that ultimately this is what caused the productivity peak -- that all these things happened all at once," Lam says. "And it was a transient thing, because the iron continued to drop and eventually the nutrients ran out."

The study's findings disprove that iron caused this ancient bloom, but they also raise questions about a very modern idea. Some scientists have proposed seeding the world's oceans with iron to trigger phytoplankton blooms that could trap some of the atmosphere's carbon dioxide and help stall climate change. This idea, sometimes referred to as the "Iron Hypothesis," has met with considerable controversy, but scientific evidence of its potential effectiveness to sequester carbon and its impact on ocean life has been mixed.

"This study shows how there are multiple controls on ocean phytoplankton blooms, not just iron," says Ken Buesseler, a WHOI marine chemist who led a workshop in 2007 to discuss modern iron fertilization. "Certainly before we think about adding iron to the ocean to sequester carbon as a geoengineering tool, we should encourage studies like this of natural systems where the conditions of adding iron, or not, on longer and larger time scales have already been done for us and we can study the consequences."

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Bus Systems SBCs Mini-ITX SBC uses Haswell 22nm Intel Core i7/i5/i3 processors

Untitled The ASRock IMB-181-L motherboard from BVM is its first Mini-ITX SBCs to be based around the latest Haswell 4th generation 22nm Intel Core i7/i5/i3 quad core processors.

A feature of Haswell is that it integrates the CPU, platform controller hub and video controller into a single BGA package.

Running under the Intel Q87 chipset, the Haswell processors support up to 16Gbyte of system memory at 1600MHz in two banks.

Likely applications include kiosks, data acquisition, process control, signage, gaming machines, video surveillance controllers and similar computing and graphics intensive applications.

Multi display with up to three screens is available. Graphic options include VGA up to 2048 x 1536, HDMI 1.4a up to 1920 x 1200 and 24-bit dual channel LVDS port.

SATAIII 6Gbit/s hard drive supports RAID 0/1/5/10 and a shared m-SATA/mini-PCIe expansion slot is on-board.

A PCIe x16 Slot is also available, as are four USB3.0 ports and three RS232/422/485 serial ports. Two Gigabit Ethernet ports are provided.

Board boot-up is controlled by a Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) with legacy BIOS support, power is from a standard ATX PSU.

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Test Measurement Products PC sampling scope will debug 10Gbit Ethernet

2013-07-01-eetimes-jh-picotech The PicoScope 9300 series sampling oscilloscopes from Pico Technology can perform pre-compliance tests, fault-finding, design, debug and margin testing on serial communications signals such as 10 Gb Ethernet, SONET/SDH STM64 and FEC1071, 10x Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand and PCI Express.

Prices are £9,088 for the base model.

These two-channel PC-based oscilloscopes also incorporate a built-in signal generator with 4ns minimum bit interval in PRBS mode and 8ns minimum period in pulse mode.

Specification includes: over 15 TS/s effective sampling rate, 17.5ps input rise time, dual 16-bit, 60dB dynamic range inputs, 5ps/div dual timebase, 14GHz prescaled trigger bandwidth, clock recovery up to 11.3Gbit/s and time interval resolution of 64fs.

The sampling rate is 1MHz. Typical noise is 1.5mV RMS at full bandwidth, external trigger jitter of 1.8ps RMS, and recovered clock jitter of only 1ps RMS.

www.picotech.com

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