2013年8月3日星期六

Power US invests in graphene heatsink

Power US invests in graphene heatsink

2013/08/02

The University of California, Riverside have received a three-year, $360,000 grant from the US National Science Foundation to further study the thermal properties of graphene, which is expected to lead to new approaches for the removal of heat from advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices, said the University.

Professors Alexander Balandin, Roger Lake, and Ashok Mulchandani will co-operate on the project called: “Two-dimensional performance with three-dimensional capacity: Engineering the thermal properties of graphene.”

Graphene has amazing properties as a single atomic layer, some of which diminish steeply as more layers are added.

The researchers hope to retain high performance with many layers by twisting the stacking angles.

They will study the possibility of suppressing phonon coupling in twisted graphene layers, allowing for the transfer of large heat fluxes. The phonons are quanta of crystal lattice vibrations that carry heat in graphene.”

“In recent years, the attention of the research community was focused on the properties of twisted bilayer graphene – a form of graphene bilayers where atomic planes are rotated against each other by some angle,” said the University. “The objective of this grant is to investigate the effect of rotation angle on the thermal conductivity of twisted bilayer graphene.”


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2013年8月2日星期五

Scientists uncover secrets of starfishs bizarre feeding mechanism

Scientists uncover secrets of starfishs bizarre feeding mechanism

A starfish feeds by first extending its stomach out of its mouth and over the digestible parts of its prey, such as mussels and clams. The prey tissue is partially digested externally before the soup-like "chowder" produced is drawn back into its 10 digestive glands.

The researchers at Queen Mary, University of London and the University of Warwick have discovered a neuropeptide -- a molecule which carries signals between neurons -- called NGFFYamide, which triggers the stomach to contract and retract back into the starfish.

The findings could have economic and environmental implications by providing a potential mechanism for controlling starfish predation.

Maurice Elphick, Professor of Physiology and Neuroscience at Queen Mary's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences who led the research, said: "These findings open up the possibility of designing chemical-based strategies to control the feeding of starfish.

"Starfish predation has an economic impact as they feed on important shellfish, such as mussels and clams. Periodic increases in starfish populations can also cause major destruction to Pacific reef tracts, such as the Great Barrier Reef, as certain species feed on reef-building corals."

The study, published today in The Journal of Experimental Biology, was carried out using computer analysis of DNA sequence data, chemical analysis of starfish nerves and pharmacological tests.

Professor Elphick added: "Interestingly, we have also found that the neuropeptide behind the stomach retraction is evolutionarily related to a neuropeptide that regulates anxiety and arousal in humans."

The new findings build on previous work from the team at Queen Mary in which they identified neuropeptides called SALMFamides that trigger the relaxation and eversion of the starfish stomach.

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6dnmLDu6Eg


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SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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Motorola makes its new Android mark with Moto X Phones Eyes On Android

Motorola makes its new Android mark with Moto X Phones Eyes On Android

2013/08/02

Moto XJust a quick flag-in-the-sand post to mark the release of Moto X the first phone from Motorola since its Google acquisition. It’s described by Engadget as “a relatively mundane mainstream smartphone”.

The spec? Apparently – via an online “Moto Maker” studio – you will be customise colours, accents, memory capacity and other aspects of the config.

Engadget writes:

The major differentiator here is that the X is uniquely customizable, and available through multiple carriers. At the core, there’s Moto’s new X8 Mobile Computing System. It’s not simply a custom SoC; there’s a Snapdragon S4 Pro under the hood, with a 1.7GHz dual-core Krait CPU and a quad-core Adreno 320 GPU, positioned alongside two unique Motorola processors, including one to handle language interpretation (Google Now without the associated battery drain) and a contextual computing core, which manages the smartphone’s sensors.

“At Motorola our roots are deep in mobile hardware – we invented mobile communications,” said Motorola Mobility Canada general manager Odile Guinot. “Now, as a Google company, we’ve become the kind of company that can build a smartphone like Moto X. It fuses our history of mobile innovation with the best of Google mobile services.”

It will first be available Canada, Latin America, and the USA from a starting price of $199.

For more on the phone see:

  • Moto X finally official: Motorola X8, 4.7-inch 720p AMOLED, custom finishes, assembled in the USA from $199
  • With Moto X, Google may make Android, Motorola more approachable
  • Review: Motorola phone notable for customization
  • The inside story of the Moto X: The phone that reveals why Google bought Motorola

(Image: AFP, Don Emmert)


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Baby owls sleep like baby humans: Owlets spend more time in REM sleep than adult owls

Baby owls sleep like baby humans: Owlets spend more time in REM sleep than adult owls

Sleep in mammals and birds consists of two phases, REM sleep ("Rapid Eye Movement Sleep") and non-REM sleep. We experience our most vivid dreams during REM sleep, a paradoxical state characterized by awake-like brain activity. Despite extensive research, REM sleep's purpose remains a mystery. One of the most salient features of REM sleep is its preponderance early in life. A variety of mammals spend far more time in REM sleep during early life than when they are adults. For example, as newborns, half of our time asleep is spent in REM sleep, whereas last night REM sleep probably encompassed only 20-25% percent of your time snoozing.

Although birds are the only non-mammalian group known to clearly engage in REM sleep, it has been unclear whether sleep develops in the same manner in baby birds. Consequently, Niels Rattenborg of the MPIO, Alexandre Roulin of Unil, and their PhD student Madeleine Scriba, reexamined this question in a population of wild barn owls. They used an electroencephalogram (EEG) and movement data logger in conjunction with minimally invasive EEG sensors designed for use in humans, to record sleep in 66 owlets of varying age. During the recordings, the owlets remained in their nest box and were fed normally by their parents. After having their sleep patterns recorded for up to five days, the logger was removed. All of the owlets subsequently fledged and returned at normal rates to breed in the following year, indicating that there were no long-term adverse effects of eves-dropping on their sleeping brains.

Despite lacking significant eye movements (a trait common to owls), the owlets spent large amounts of time in REM sleep. "During this sleep phase, the owlets' EEG showed awake-like activity, their eyes remained closed, and their heads nodded slowly," reports Madeleine Scriba from the University of Lausanne (see video in the link below). Importantly, the researchers discovered that just as in baby humans, the time spent in REM sleep declined as the owlets aged.

In addition, the team examined the relationship between sleep and the expression of a gene in the feather follicles involved in producing dark, melanic feather spots. "As in several other avian and mammalian species, we have found that melanic spotting in owls covaries with a variety of behavioral and physiological traits, many of which also have links to sleep, such as immune system function and energy regulation," notes Alexander Roulin from the University of Lausanne. Indeed, the team found that owlets expressing higher levels of the gene involved in melanism had less REM sleep than expected for their age, suggesting that their brains were developing faster than in owlets expressing lower levels of this gene. In line with this interpretation, the enzyme encoded by this gene also plays a role in producing hormones (thyroid and insulin) involved in brain development.

Although additional research is needed to determine exactly how sleep, brain development, and pigmentation are interrelated, these findings nonetheless raise several intriguing questions. Does variation in sleep during brain development influence adult brain organization? If so, does this contribute to the link between behavioral and physiological traits and melanism observed in adult owls? Do sleep and pigmentation covary in adult owls, and if so how does this influence their behavior and physiology? Finally, Niels Rattenborg from the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen hopes that "this naturally occurring variation in REM sleep during a period of brain development can be used to reveal exactly what REM sleep does for the developing brain in baby owls, as well as humans."

Video: http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/imedia/2039187711104100/supp2.mp4


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How 'junk DNA' can control cell development

How 'junk DNA' can control cell development

Aug. 2, 2013 — Researchers from the Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program at Sydney's Centenary Institute have confirmed that, far from being "junk," the 97 per cent of human DNA that does not encode instructions for making proteins can play a significant role in controlling cell development.


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And in doing so, the researchers have unravelled a previously unknown mechanism for regulating the activity of genes, increasing our understanding of the way cells develop and opening the way to new possibilities for therapy.

Using the latest gene sequencing techniques and sophisticated computer analysis, a research group led by Professor John Rasko AO and including Centenary's Head of Bioinformatics, Dr William Ritchie, has shown how particular white blood cells use non-coding DNA to regulate the activity of a group of genes that determines their shape and function. The work is published today in the scientific journal Cell.

"This discovery, involving what was previously referred to as "junk," opens up a new level of gene expression control that could also play a role in the development of many other tissue types," Rasko says. "Our observations were quite surprising and they open entirely new avenues for potential treatments in diverse diseases including cancers and leukemias."

The researchers reached their conclusions through studying introns -- non-coding sequences which are located inside genes.

As part of the normal process of generating proteins from DNA, the code for constructing a particular protein is printed off as a strip of genetic material known as messenger RNA (mRNA). It is this strip of mRNA which carries the instructions for making the protein from the gene in the nucleus to the protein factories or ribosomes in the body of the cell.

But these mRNA strips need to be processed before they can be used as protein blueprints. Typically, any non-coding introns must be cut out to produce the final sequence for a functional protein. Many of the introns also include a short sequence -- known as the stop codon -- which, if left in, stops protein construction altogether. Retention of the intron can also stimulate a cellular mechanism which breaks up the mRNA containing it.

Dr Ritchie was able to develop a computer program to sort out mRNA strips retaining introns from those which did not. Using this technique the lead molecular biologist of the team, Dr Justin Wong, found that mRNA strips from many dozens of genes involved in white blood cell function were prone to intron retention and consequent break down. This was related to the levels of the enzymes needed to chop out the intron. Unless the intron is excised, functional protein products are never produced from these genes. Dr Jeff Holst in the team went a step further to show how this mechanism works in living bone marrow.

So the researchers propose intron retention as an efficient means of controlling the activity of many genes. "In fact, it takes less energy to break up strips of mRNA, than to control gene activity in other ways," says Rasko. "This may well be a previously-overlooked general mechanism for gene regulation with implications for disease causation and possible therapies in the future."



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Sea star's bizarre feeding mechanism

Sea star's bizarre feeding mechanism

Aug. 1, 2013 — Scientists have identified a molecule that enables sea stars (also known as starfish) to carry out one of the most remarkable forms of feeding in the natural world.


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A starfish feeds by first extending its stomach out of its mouth and over the digestible parts of its prey, such as mussels and clams. The prey tissue is partially digested externally before the soup-like "chowder" produced is drawn back into its 10 digestive glands.

The researchers at Queen Mary, University of London and the University of Warwick have discovered a neuropeptide -- a molecule which carries signals between neurons -- called NGFFYamide, which triggers the stomach to contract and retract back into the starfish.

The findings could have economic and environmental implications by providing a potential mechanism for controlling starfish predation.

Maurice Elphick, Professor of Physiology and Neuroscience at Queen Mary's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences who led the research, said: "These findings open up the possibility of designing chemical-based strategies to control the feeding of starfish.

"Starfish predation has an economic impact as they feed on important shellfish, such as mussels and clams. Periodic increases in starfish populations can also cause major destruction to Pacific reef tracts, such as the Great Barrier Reef, as certain species feed on reef-building corals."

The study, published today in The Journal of Experimental Biology, was carried out using computer analysis of DNA sequence data, chemical analysis of starfish nerves and pharmacological tests.

Professor Elphick added: "Interestingly, we have also found that the neuropeptide behind the stomach retraction is evolutionarily related to a neuropeptide that regulates anxiety and arousal in humans."

The new finding adds to build on previous work from the team at Queen Mary in which they identified neuropeptides called SALMFamides that trigger the relaxation and eversion of the starfish stomach.

Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6dnmLDu6Eg



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SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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Genetics: More than merely a mutated gene

Genetics: More than merely a mutated gene

In the current issue of PLoS Genetics, Michigan State University genetic scientists have begun to understand how the rest of the genome interacts with such mutations to cause the differences we see among individuals.

"It's been known for a while that genetic mutations can modify each other's effects," said Ian Dworkin, MSU associate professor of zoology and co-author of the paper. "And we also know that the subtle differences in an individual's genome -- what scientists call wild type genetic background -- also affects how mutations are manifested."

Dworkin and Sudarshan Chari, zoology doctoral student and the paper's lead author, wanted to know how common it was for wild type genetic background to alter the way genetic mutations interact with each other. This is the first time that it's been examined in a systematic manner, Dworkin added.

Using the fruit fly genome, the researchers found that wild type genetic background affected the outcomes of interactions between genetic mutations about 75 percent of the time. This could have huge implications in how scientists construct genetic networks -- maps of how genes interact with each other.

"It may be that some crucial portions of genetic networks are missing," he said. "It also seems that network descriptions are more fluid than we thought."

Fruit flies have been called humans with wings, genetically speaking, due to their similarities. By focusing on wings and a genetic mutation that alters them, the researchers demonstrated the influence of wild type genetic background was actually quite common.

The broader implication for humans is that even for diseases with a simple genetic basis, variation in the genome may matter for both understanding and treatment, Dworkin said.

This new insight explains how, in an example like breast cancer, every woman's genetic background is likely influencing how the mutation is expressed, causing different disease outcomes. The research also may help explain why some people benefit from a specific treatment for a disease, while others get no benefits or become resistant to a drug after a short time.

It's likely that most diseases with a suspected genetic component, such as cancer, asthma or Parkinson's, involve reactions between more than one set of genes. For Dworkin and Chari, the next step is to tease apart the intricacies of what's happening.

"Is it just the two pairs of genes that are interacting?" Dworkin asked. "Or is it that the two genes are interacting and then many other genes are modifying that reaction? This will help us understand how much complexity is involved."

The research is funded by the National Science Foundation grant number MCB 0922344.


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SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

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Baby owls spotted sleeping like baby humans

Baby owls spotted sleeping like baby humans

Aug. 2, 2013 — Baby birds have sleep patterns similar to baby mammals, and their sleep changes in the same way when growing up. This is what a team from the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology and the University of Lausanne found out working with barn owls in the wild. The team also discovered that this change in sleep was strongly correlated with the expression of a gene involved in producing dark, melanic feather spots, a trait known to covary with behavioral and physiological traits in adult owls. These findings raise the intriguing possibility that sleep-related developmental processes in the brain contribute to the link between melanism and other traits observed in adult barn owls and other animals.


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Sleep in mammals and birds consists of two phases, REM sleep ("Rapid Eye Movement Sleep") and non-REM sleep. We experience our most vivid dreams during REM sleep, a paradoxical state characterized by awake-like brain activity. Despite extensive research, REM sleep's purpose remains a mystery. One of the most salient features of REM sleep is its preponderance early in life. A variety of mammals spend far more time in REM sleep during early life than when they are adults. For example, as newborns, half of our time asleep is spent in REM sleep, whereas last night REM sleep probably encompassed only 20-25% percent of your time snoozing.

Although birds are the only non-mammalian group known to clearly engage in REM sleep, it has been unclear whether sleep develops in the same manner in baby birds. Consequently, Niels Rattenborg of the MPIO, Alexandre Roulin of Unil, and their PhD student Madeleine Scriba, reexamined this question in a population of wild barn owls. They used an electroencephalogram (EEG) and movement data logger in conjunction with minimally invasive EEG sensors designed for use in humans, to record sleep in 66 owlets of varying age. During the recordings, the owlets remained in their nest box and were fed normally by their parents. After having their sleep patterns recorded for up to five days, the logger was removed. All of the owlets subsequently fledged and returned at normal rates to breed in the following year, indicating that there were no long-term adverse effects of eves-dropping on their sleeping brains.

Despite lacking significant eye movements (a trait common to owls), the owlets spent large amounts of time in REM sleep. "During this sleep phase, the owlets' EEG showed awake-like activity, their eyes remained closed, and their heads nodded slowly," reports Madeleine Scriba from the University of Lausanne (see video in the link below). Importantly, the researchers discovered that just as in baby humans, the time spent in REM sleep declined as the owlets aged.

In addition, the team examined the relationship between sleep and the expression of a gene in the feather follicles involved in producing dark, melanic feather spots. "As in several other avian and mammalian species, we have found that melanic spotting in owls covaries with a variety of behavioral and physiological traits, many of which also have links to sleep, such as immune system function and energy regulation," notes Alexander Roulin from the University of Lausanne. Indeed, the team found that owlets expressing higher levels of the gene involved in melanism had less REM sleep than expected for their age, suggesting that their brains were developing faster than in owlets expressing lower levels of this gene. In line with this interpretation, the enzyme encoded by this gene also plays a role in producing hormones (thyroid and insulin) involved in brain development.

Although additional research is needed to determine exactly how sleep, brain development, and pigmentation are interrelated, these findings nonetheless raise several intriguing questions. Does variation in sleep during brain development influence adult brain organization? If so, does this contribute to the link between behavioral and physiological traits and melanism observed in adult owls? Do sleep and pigmentation covary in adult owls, and if so how does this influence their behavior and physiology? Finally, Niels Rattenborg from the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen hopes that "this naturally occurring variation in REM sleep during a period of brain development can be used to reveal exactly what REM sleep does for the developing brain in baby owls, as well as humans."

Video: http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/imedia/2039187711104100/supp2.mp4



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Embedded Systems Freescale aims rugged Cortex-M0+ home appliances

Embedded Systems Freescale aims rugged Cortex-M0+ home appliances

2013/08/02

Freescale is offering 5V ARM Cortex-M0+ microprocessors for higher electromagnetic noise immunity.

Called the Kinetis E series, they are inteded to displace 8 and 16-bit processors from dishwashers, refrigerators, home and building control systems, motor control fans, industrial converters and other equipment commonly operating in high-noise environments.

“Historically, 32-bit MCUs have been associated with lower voltage operation and considered unreliable in electromagnetically harsh environments such as factories or even many households,” said Brandon Tolany, v-p of Freescale MCU business development. “Kinetis E series MCUs have advanced electromagnetic compatibility [EMC] and electrostatic discharge [ESD] protection features designed to support compliance with industrial-grade reliability and temperature requirements.”

The argument is that one 32bit processor can replace multiple less-capable chips, and cost is kept down by giving the Kinetis E series large-pitch packaging options so single-layer board designs can be implemented.

Hardware features and pre-certified, fault-tolerant software routines are available to help designers meet the IEC 60730 Class B safety standard for household appliances, which is mandatory in European markets.

Design support comes through the FRDM-KE02Z Freescale Freedom development platform, Processor Expert software, as well as a software development kit providing access to sample software libraries.

Cortex-M0+ is also supported by IAR Embedded Workbench and the Keil MDK-ARM microcontroller development kit, and additional resources include middleware and software libraries, said Freescale.

Kinetis KE02 MCU features:
Electrical fast transient/electrostatic discharge (EFT/ESD) protection
Flash, RAM, register, watchdog and clock tests
2.7 to 5.5V and -40 to 105°C operating range
20MHz ARM Cortex-M0+ core
Single-cycle 32×32 multiplier
Single-cycle I/O access
Up to 64kbyte flash
256byte EEPROM
Up to 4kbyte RAM


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Business Renesas takes the medicine

Business Renesas takes the medicine

2013/08/02

Renesas is slimming down, focussing and increasingly looking to foundries.

Last year the company narrowly escaped being taken over by New York private equity company KKR.

Now that it has ben saved from that fate by the Japanese government, Renesas is looking to implement some of the productivity improvement measures which KKR would have undoubtedly introduced.

Renesas has reduced headcount from 48,000, when it merged with NEC Electronics in April 2010, to 33,000 now.

In the same timeframe, it has reduced fixed costs by 20% representing about $2 billion.

The company’s break-even point is now at about $3.6 billion.

Renesas’ focus is now on energy conservation, the environment, power efficiency and the fusion of control and IT.

‘We are working with the automotive industry on efforts to create next-generation self-driving smart cars,’ says Renesas.

‘In the industrial/networking and general-purpose fields we are aiming to by growing our business through motor solutions with power efficiency, ‘ says Renesas, ‘we are expanding kit solutions and platform solutions. Until now the semiconductor business model has centered on supplying individual MCUs, analogue devices, and power semiconductor products. Demand is growing for a model in which customers are provided with kit solutions consisting of combinations of MCUs, analogue devices, and power semiconductor devices optimized for their products.’

Renesas will continue to operate the Naka factory, Kawashiri factory, and Saijo factory sites as its main front-end production facilities. Other front-end facilities will be either scaled back or consolidated as Renesas looks increasingly to foundries. ‘As we scale back the facilities we operate ourselves, we plan to strengthen our relationships with foundries/subcontractors as strategic partners’ says Renesas.

‘Already, the number of company executives, units, and business divisions in the Renesas Group has been reduced substantially, as we move forward with efforts to slim down the organization to achieve speedier decision-making’ says the company.


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Business Spansion completes Fujitsu deal; expands NAND business

Business Spansion completes Fujitsu deal; expands NAND business

2013/08/02

Spansion, the NOR flash specialist, has completed its acquisition of Fujitsu’s microcontroller and analogue business.

Spansion is paying $110 million for the business plus $38 million for inventory.

Spansion had Q2 sales of $195.1 million, gross margin of 29.4%, an operating loss of $600,000 and a net loss of $3.2 million.

Thr company is moving into NAND and had $22 million in sales of NAND chips and ‘strong design win momentum.’

The company has $305 million cash.

“We remain the embedded market leader for NOR Flash memory, delivered sequential improvements in margins and profit, and saw strong NAND momentum,” says John Kispert, CEO of Spansion, “we remain confident of our long-term vision and strategy as we enhance our Flash memory product portfolio, protect our IP and add new microcontroller and analog IP and products.”


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SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

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